Transgenic animals expressing prkag3

ABSTRACT

Transgenic non-human animals that express the γ3 subunit of PRKAG are described, as well as methods of using the transgenic non-human animals as models for improving treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of diseases related to energy metabolism, including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to transgenic non-human animals expressing anAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) γ3 subunit, their use as models ofstudying human disease, and to methods of using these models foridentifying compounds and compositions effective for the treatment ofdisease. In particular, the invention relates to transgenic non-humananimals expressing the Prkag3 gene in skeletal muscle.

BACKGROUND

AMPK has a key role in regulating the energy metabolism in eukaryoticcells and is homologous to the SNF1 kinase in yeast (Hardie D. G., etal., 1998, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67:821; Kemp B. E., et al., 1999, Trends.Biochem. Sci. 24(1):22-5). AMPK is composed of three subunits: thecatalytic α-subunit and the two regulatory subunits β and γ. AMPK isactivated by an increase in the ratio of AMP to ATP (AMP:ATP). ActivatedAMPK turns on ATP-producing pathways and inhibits ATP-consumingpathways. AMPK also can inactivate glycogen synthase, the key regulatoryenzyme of glycogen synthesis, by phosphorylation (Hardie et al., 1998,supra). Several isoforms of the three different AMPK subunits arepresent in mammals. In humans, Prkaa1 and Prkaa2 encode the α1 and α2subunits, Prkab1 and Prkab2 encode the β1 and β2 subunits, and Prkag1,Prkag2 and Prkag3 encode the γ1, γ2 and γ3 subunits, respectively.

Milan D., et al. (2001, Science, 288:1248-5) identified thenonconservative substitution of a glutamine for an Arginine (R225Q) inthe Hampshire pig Prkag3 gene responsible for the dominant RN-phenotype(high glycogen content in skeletal muscle). Loss-of-function mutationsin the homologous gene in yeast (SNF4) cause defects in glucosemetabolism, including glycogen storage. Milan et al. further found thatthe expression of the Prkag3 gene is muscle-specific and that the AMPKactivity in muscle extracts was about 3 times higher in normal rn+ pigsthan in RN− pigs, both in the presence and absence of AMP. The distinctphenotype of the RN− mutation indicates that Prkag3 plays a key role inthe regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle.

AMPK is recognized as a major regulator of lipid biosynthetic pathwaysdue to its role in the phosphorylation and inactivation of key enzymessuch as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (Hardie D. G., and Carling D.,1997, Eur. J. Biochem. 246:259-273). More recent data strongly suggestthat AMPK has a wider role in metabolic regulation (Winder W. W., andHardie D. G., 1999, Am. J. Physiol., 277:E1-E10): this includes fattyacid oxidation, muscle glucose uptake (Hayashi T., et al., 1998,Diabetes, 47:1369-1373; Merrill G. F., et al., Am. J. Physiol.273:E1107-E1112; Goodyear L. J., 2000, Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev.,28:113-116), expression of cAMP-stimulated gluconeogenic genes such asPEPCK and G6Pase (Lochhead P. A., et al., 2000, Diabetes, 49:896-903),and glucose-stimulated genes associated with hepatic lipogenesis,including fatty acid synthase (FAS), Spot-14 (S 14), and L-type pyruvatekinase (Foretz M., et al., 1998, J. Biol. Chem., 273:14767-14771).Chronic activation of AMPK may also induce the expression of musclehexokinase and glucose transporters (Glut4), mimicking the effects ofextensive exercise training (Holmes B. F., et al., 1999, J. Appl.Physiol. 87:1990-1995). Thus, it has been predicted that AMPK activationwould be a good approach to treat type 2 diabetes (Winder et al.,supra).

Zhou G, et al. (2001, J. Clin. Invest., 108:1167-1174) provided evidencethat the elusive target of metformin's (a widely used drug for treatmentof type 2 diabetes) actions is activated AMPK. In studies performed inisolated hepatocytes and rat skeletal muscles, metformin leads to AMPKactivation, accompanied by an inhibition of lipogenesis (due toinactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and suppression of lipogenicenzyme expression), suppression of the expression of SREBP-1 (a centrallipogenic transcription factor), and a modest stimulation of skeletalmuscle glucose uptake. Similar hepatic effects are seen inmetformin-treated rats. Based on the use of a newly discovered AMPKinhibitor, their data suggest that the ability of metformin to suppressglucose production in hepatocytes requires AMPK activation.

SUMMARY

The invention is based on transgenic non-human animals expressing theAMPK γ3 subunit and their use as a model for diseases relating to energymetabolism, including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistancesyndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Such models can be used to improvediagnosis of diseases relating to energy metabolism as well asidentifying and testing pharmaceutical compositions for better treatmentand prevention of diseases relating to energy metabolism.

In one aspect, the invention features a transgenic non-human animalhaving integrated within its genome a nucleic acid encoding anAMP-activated protein kinase γ3 subunit or a variant thereof, whereinthe nucleic acid is operably linked to a regulatory element. The nucleicacid can include a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having atleast 75% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQID NO:2. The nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide having an amino acidsequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) the amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, (b) an R225Q variant of the aminoacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; (c) the amino acid sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:4; and (d) an R225Q variant of the amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. The nucleic acid can include anucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a) thenucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; (b) a codon 225 variant ofthe nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; (c) the nucleotidesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, (d) a codon 225 variant of thenucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3; (e) the nucleotidesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; and (f) a nucleotide sequencecorresponding to the mouse Prkag3 gene. The regulatory element can be amuscle specific regulatory element such as a myosin light chainpromoter, a skeletal alpha actin promoter, a creatine kinase promoter,or an aldolase A promoter. The transgenic non-human animal can beselected from the group consisting of mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs,and pigs. Transgenic mice and pigs are particularly useful. Transgenicnon-human animals can have an elevated glycogen content in skeletalmuscle.

In another aspect, the invention features a transgenic non-human animalhaving a transgene integrated within its genome. The transgene includesa nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridizationconditions (e.g., highly stringent) with a nucleic acid having anucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ IDNO:1 or a portion thereof, wherein the transgene acid is operably linkedto a promoter that drives expression in skeletal muscle. The transgenicnon-human animal can be selected from the group consisting of mice,rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and pigs.

The invention also features an expression construct. The expressionconstruct includes a regulatory element operably linked to a nucleotidesequence encoding a polypeptide having at least 75% sequence identity tothe amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or to a portion thereof;where the regulatory element is capable of mediating expression inskeletal muscle. The regulatory element can be muscle-specificregulatory element such as myosin light chain promoter, a myosin heavychain promoter, a skeletal alpha actin promoter, a creatine kinasepromoter, or an aldolase A promoter.

In yet another aspect, the invention features an expression constructthat includes a regulatory element operably linked to a nucleotidesequence having at least 75% sequence identity to the nucleotidesequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1; where the regulatory element is capableof mediating expression in skeletal muscle. The regulatory element canbe a muscle specific regulatory element as described above.

The invention also features a method for making a transgenic non-humananimal having integrated within its genome a nucleic acid encoding anAMP activated protein kinase γ3 subunit or a variant thereof The nucleicacid is linked to a regulatory element that drives expression inskeletal muscle. The method includes introducing an expression constructdescribed above into an ovum, an embryo, or embryonic stem cells of anon-human animal. The expression construct can be microinjected into theovum or embryo of the non-human animal or into embryonic stem cells ofthe non-human animal. The expression construct can be electroporatedinto the embryonic stem cells.

In yet another aspect, the invention features a method of identifying acompound or composition effective for the treatment or prevention of adisease related to energy metabolism. The method includes (a)administering a test compound or test composition to a transgenicnon-human animal described above; and (b) evaluating the effect of thetest compound or test composition on the energy metabolism on thetransgenic non-human animal; wherein the test compound or testcomposition is identified as effective for the treatment or preventionof the disease related to energy metabolism if energy metabolism isaltered.

The invention also features a method of identifying a compound orcomposition effective for the treatment or prevention of diseasesrelated to energy metabolism. The method includes (a) contacting a testcompound or test composition with an organ, a tissue or cells derivedfrom a transgenic non-human animal described above; and (b) evaluatingthe effect of the test compound or test composition on the energymetabolism on the organ, tissue or cells; wherein the test compound ortest composition is identified as effective for the treatment orprevention of diseases related to energy metabolism if energy metabolismis altered. The tissue can be skeletal muscle. The cells can be musclecells.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practicethe invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. Allpublications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Incase of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples areillustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic of the linearized construct used formicroinjection into mouse oocytes. Microinjection was done with twoconstructs separately, one construct included the wild-type mouse Prkag3cDNA and the other construct included the mouse Prkag3 cDNA encoding theR225Q mutant.

FIG. 2 is a schematic depicting the primer locations (A, B, C) andexon-intron organization in the mouse Prkag3 amplicons used forgenotyping the mice (from tail-tip genomic DNA) and for skeletal musclemRNA expression analysis by RT-PCR.

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the glycogen content vs the relativetransgenic/endogenous Prkag3 mRNA expression ratio in skeletal muscle of18 transgenic founder females.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention relates to transgenic non-human animals that express theAMPK γ3 subunit and methods of using the animals for the development ofdrugs for the treatment or prevention of diseases related to energymetabolism, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance syndrome,and type 2 diabetes. Without being bound by a particular mechanism,modulation of the amount or activity of the γ3 subunit of AMPK, a majorcellular regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism, may be beneficial inthe treatment of such energy metabolism diseases. An increase in overallactivity of AMPK in muscle can increase levels of glycogen, which iscoupled to increased glucose uptake and lowered blood glucose levels.

As used herein, “transgenic non-human animal” includes the foundertransgenic non-human animals and progeny of the founders, as well ascells and tissues from such animals. Transgenic non-human animals can befarm animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, cows, horses, and rabbits,rodents such as rats, guinea pigs, and mice, and non-human primates suchas baboons, monkeys, and chimpanzees. Transgenic pigs and mice areparticularly useful.

A transgenic non-human animal of the invention contains a nucleic acidencoding an exogenous AMPK γ3 subunit (e.g., a human, mouse, or pig AMPKγ3 subunit) integrated within its genome. As used herein, the term “AMPKγ3 subunit” refers to a polypeptide having at least 200 amino acids(e.g., at least 300 or 400 amino acids) of the full-length polypeptide.In some embodiments, the AMPK γ3 subunit is full-length. The AMPK γ3subunit can be wild-type or can be a variant (e.g., the R225Q variant).The cDNA encoding the human γ3 subunit has been cloned and characterized(WO 01/20003; Milan et al., 2001, supra; GenBank Accession Nos. AF214519and AF249977; Cheung P. C., et al., 2000, Biochem J., 346: 659-69).Genetic variants of the human Prkag3 gene encoding the AMPK γ3 subunithave been identified (WO 01/77305). The mouse sequence encoding the AMPKγ3 subunit is provided in SEQ ID NO:3.

In some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid can encode a polypeptidehaving at least 75% (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%)sequence identity to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQID NO:4, or to a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4 at least 200amino acids in length. The nucleic acid molecule can encode the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4, an R225Q variant of SEQ IDNO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4, or fragments of such polypeptides that are at least200 amino acids in length.

In other embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid includes a nucleotidesequence having at least 75% sequence identity (e.g., at least 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%) to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:1or SEQ ID NO:4, or to a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:4 at least600 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least 900 or 1200 nucleotides inlength). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid includes the nucleotidesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:4, a codon 225 variant(e.g., R225Q variant) of the nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ IDNO:1 or SEQ ID NO:4, or a fragment of such nucleic acids at least 600nucleotides in length.

Percent sequence identity is calculated by determining the number ofmatched positions in aligned nucleic acid sequences, dividing the numberof matched positions by the total number of aligned nucleotides, andmultiplying by 100. A matched position refers to a position in whichidentical nucleotides occur at the same position in aligned nucleic acidsequences. Percent sequence identity also can be determined for anyamino acid sequence. To determine percent sequence identity, a targetnucleic acid or amino acid sequence is compared to the identifiednucleic acid or amino acid sequence using the BLAST 2 Sequences (Bl2seq)program from the stand-alone version of BLASTZ containing BLASTN version2.0.14 and BLASTP version 2.0.14. This stand-alone version of BLASTZ canbe obtained from Fish & Richardson's web site (world wide web atfr.com/blast) or the U.S. government's National Center for BiotechnologyInformation web site (world wide web at ncbi.nln.nih.gov). Instructionsexplaining how to use the Bl2seq program can be found in the readme fileaccompanying BLASTZ.

Bl2seq performs a comparison between two sequences using either theBLASTN or BLASTP algorithm. BLASTN is used to compare nucleic acidsequences, while BLASTP is used to compare amino acid sequences. Tocompare two nucleic acid sequences, the options are set as follows: -iis set to a file containing the first nucleic acid sequence to becompared (e.g., C:\seq1.txt); -j is set to a file containing the secondnucleic acid sequence to be compared (e.g., C:\seq2.txt); -p is set toblastn; -o is set to any desired file name (e.g., C:\output.txt); -q isset to −1; -r is set to 2; and all other options are left at theirdefault setting. The following command will generate an output filecontaining a comparison between two sequences: C:\Bl2seq -i c:\seq1.txt-j c:\seq2.txt -p blastn -o c:\output.txt -q −1 -r 2. If the targetsequence shares homology with any portion of the identified sequence,then the designated output file will present those regions of homologyas aligned sequences. If the target sequence does not share homologywith any portion of the identified sequence, then the designated outputfile will not present aligned sequences.

Once aligned, a length is determined by counting the number ofconsecutive nucleotides from the target sequence presented in alignmentwith sequence from the identified sequence starting with any matchedposition and ending with any other matched position. A matched positionis any position where an identical nucleotide is presented in both thetarget and identified sequence. Gaps presented in the target sequenceare not counted since gaps are not nucleotides. Likewise, gaps presentedin the identified sequence are not counted since target sequencenucleotides are counted, not nucleotides from the identified sequence.

The percent identity over a particular length is determined by countingthe number of matched positions over that length and dividing thatnumber by the length followed by multiplying the resulting value by 100.For example, if (1) a 1000 nucleotide target sequence is compared to thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, (2) the Bl2seq program presents 850nucleotides from the target sequence aligned with a region of thesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 where the first and last nucleotidesof that 850 nucleotide region are matches, and (3) the number of matchesover those 850 aligned nucleotides is 750, then the 1000 nucleotidetarget sequence contains a length of 850 and a percent identity overthat length of 88 (i.e., 750 ) 850×100=88).

It will be appreciated that different regions within a single nucleicacid target sequence that aligns with an identified sequence can eachhave their own percent identity. It is noted that the percent identityvalue is rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 78.11, 78.12, 78.13,and 78.14 are rounded down to 78.1, while 78.15, 78.16, 78.17, 78.18,and 78.19 are rounded up to 78.2. It also is noted that the length valuewill always be an integer.

It is contemplated that it may be useful to include intron sequences ina nucleic acid encoding an AMPK γ3 subunit or a variant thereof. Forexample, one or more of the intron sequences present in the Prkag3 geneshown in SEQ ID NO:5 can be included in the nucleic acid. It is likelythat not all of the intron sequences are necessary and that intronsequences from Prkag3 from other species or intron sequences from genescoding for other protein may also be suitable and can be inserted intothe nucleotide sequence coding for the γ3 subunits of AMPK in a suitablemanner.

Nucleic acid useful in the invention will generally hybridize understringent conditions with the sequence complementary to the nucleotidesequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or a fragment thereof at least 600 nucleotidesin length. Thus, a transgenic non-human animal of the invention can haveintegrated within its genome, a nucleic acid that hybridizes with thecomplementary sequence to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or apart thereof under stringent hybridization conditions. Suitable nucleicacids can hybridise under highly stringent hybridization conditions. Theterm “stringent” when used in conjunction with hybridization conditionsis as defined in the art, i.e., 15-20° C. under the melting point Tm.Preferably the conditions are highly stringent”, i.e., 5-10° C. underthe melting point Tm. High stringency conditions can include the use oflow ionic strength buffer and a high temperature for washing, forexample, 0.015 M NaCl/0.0015 M sodium citrate (0.1×SSC), 0.1% sodiumdodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 65° C. Alternatively, denaturing agents such asformamide can be employed during hybridization, e.g., 50% formamide with0.1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50 mMsodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrateat 42° C. Defining appropriate hybridization conditions is within theskill of the art. See, e.g., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rded., Sambrook et al. eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001;DNA Cloning: A practical Approach, Glover & Hames eds., OxfordUniversity Press, 1996; Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Essentialtechniques, Ross ed. Wiley, 1998.

In transgenic non-human animals of the invention, the nucleic acid isoperably linked to a regulatory element that can promote expression inmuscle. As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to theplacement of the regulatory element and nucleic acid in such a mannerthat the nucleic acid is transcribed. The regulatory element can be askeletal muscle specific promoter, such as a myosin light chainpromoter, a myosin heavy chain promoter, a skeletal alpha actinpromoter, a creatine kinase promoter, or an aldolase A promoter.

The invention also features expression constructs suitable forgenerating transgenic non-human animals of the invention. The expressionconstructs can include a promoter capable of mediating expression inskeletal muscle operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding an AMPK γ3subunit as described above.

Various techniques known in the art can be used to introduce expressionconstructs into non-human animals to produce the founder lines of thetransgenic non-human animals. Such techniques include, but are notlimited to, pronuclear microinjection (U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191),retrovirus mediated gene transfer into germ lines (Van der Putten etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:6148, 1985), gene targeting intoembryonic stem cells (Thompson et al., Cell, 56:313, 1989),electroporation of embryos (Lo, Mol. Cell. Biol., 3:1803, 1983), andtransformation of somatic cells in vitro followed by nucleartransplantation (Wilmut et al., Nature, 385(6619):810-813, 1997; andWakayama et al., Nature, 394:369-374, 1998).

In a preferred embodiment, the expression construct is microinjectedinto an ovum or embryo of the non-human animal or into embryonic stemcells of the non-human animal.

Once transgenic non-human animals have been generated, expression of theAMPK γ3 subunit can be assessed using standard techniques. Initialscreening can be accomplished by Southern blot analysis or PCRtechniques to determine whether or not integration of the transgene hastaken place. See, for example, sections 9.37-9.52 of Sambrook et al.,1989, “Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual,” second edition, ColdSpring Harbor Press, Plainview; N.Y., for a description of Southernanalysis.

Expression of the nucleic acid encoding AMPK γ3 subunit in the tissuesof the transgenic non-human animals can be assessed using techniquesthat include, but are not limited to, Northern blot analysis of tissuesamples obtained from the animal, in situ hybridization analysis, andreverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR).

Methods of Using Transgenic Non-Human Animals

As discussed above, transgenic non-human animals according to theinvention can be used as a model for diseases related to energymetabolism, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance syndromeand type 2 diabetes. In particular, transgenic non-human animals of theinvention can be used to identify a compound or composition effectivefor the treatment or prevention of diseases related to energymetabolism. Compounds or compositions can be identified by administeringa test compound or composition to a transgenic non-human animal of theinvention or by contacting the test compound or composition with anorgan, a tissue (e.g., skeletal muscle) or cells (e.g., muscle cells)derived from the transgenic non-human animal. Effects of the testcompound or composition on the energy metabolism on the transgenicnon-human animal, organ, tissues or cells are evaluated. For example,glycogen content can be assessed in the transgenic non-human animals.Test compounds or compositions that alter energy metabolism can beeffective for the treatment or prevention of diseases related to energymetabolism.

Test compounds can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions byadmixture with pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic excipients orcarriers and administered to transgenic non-human animals of theinvention by any route of administration. For example, parenteral routessuch as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular, intradermal,intranasal, inhalation, intrathecal, or intraperitoneal administration,and enteral routes such as sublingual, oral, or rectal administrationcan be used.

The invention will be further described in the following examples, whichdo not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Isolation and characterization of the human Prkag3 gene: The publishedcDNA sequences encoding the human AMPK γ3 subunit (Genbank accessionnos. AJ249977 and AF214519) (SEQ ID NO:1) were used to search thedatabase for genomic sequences comprising the human Prkag3 gene andpromoter. The human BAC clone RP11-459I19 (Genbank accession No.AC009974) was identified and found to comprise the complete Prkag3 gene(SEQ ID NO:5). The coding part of the gene contains at least 14 exonsand spans more than 8 kb. The 5′ end of the reported cDNA sequence(AJ249977) consists a donor-acceptor splice signal indicating thepossible presence of yet another exon in the 5′ end of the gene.

Example 2

Cloning and in vitro mutagenesis of the mouse Prkag3 coding sequence:Genomic mouse Prkag3 sequence was obtained by sequencing aPRKAG3-positive clone isolated from a BAC library of mouse genomic DNA.The coding sequence was deduced from this genomic sequence with presumedstart and stop codons in concordance with the human cDNA sequence inGenBank AJ249977. The mouse sequence was used to design primers forRT-PCR amplification of the complete coding Prkag3 sequence from a mouseskeletal muscle poly A RNA sample (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Themouse forward 5′ CACC ATG GAG CCC GAG CTG GAG CA (SEQ ID NO:7) andreverse 5′ GTC TCA GGC GCT GAG GGC ATC (SEQ ID NO:8) primer sequencesinclude the translation start and stop codons, respectively (in bold).The forward primer also includes four additional bases (in italics) atthe 5′ end to facilitate translation initiation. Reverse transcriptionwas performed on 200 ng mouse skeletal muscle mRNA using theFirst-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, LittleChalfont Buckinghamshire, UK) with random hexarner priming in a 15 μlreaction volume. The resulting product was used for PCR at a 1:6dilution at standard conditions with primer annealing at 63° C. TheRT-PCR product (˜1.5 kbp) was gel purified and ligated into the pCRII TATOPO cloning vector (Invitrogen, Groningen, Netherlands). Ten cloneswere sequenced and the consensus sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 wasidentical to the coding Prkag3 sequence derived from the mouse BAC. Aclone of this consensus sequence was selected for inclusion of theinsert in the transgenic construct and for introduction of a mutation,R225Q, corresponding to the porcine RN⁻ mutation (Milan et al., supra).The R225Q mutation was introduced by in vitro mutagenesis of thenucleotides AG to CA at positions 685-686 in the mouse sequence given inSEQ ID NO:3, which changes the codon AGG for arginine (R) to CAG forglutamine (Q). This mutagenesis was carried out using the QuikchangeSite-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) withforward and reverse primers over the GTG GCC AAC GGT GTG CAG GCA GCT CCTCTG TGG (SEQ ID NO:9) sequence (mutagenesis site in bold).

Example 3

Transgene constructs and microinjection: The wild-type and R225Q insertsin the pCRII TA TOPO cloning vector from Example 2 were removed using anEco RI digest. These inserts then were ligated into the pMLC vector(Gros et al. 1999) kindly provided by Dr Fatima Bosch. The resultingtransgene contained the complete mouse Prkag3 coding sequence (withattached Kozak element as described above) flanked by the myosin lightchain 1 (MLC1) promoter on the 5′ end and the SV40 untranslated region(with a small intron and a polyA site) as well as the MLC1/3 enhancer onthe 3′ end (FIG. 1). The MLC1 promoter is expected to direct theexpression primarily to white (fast twitch) skeletal muscle fibers. Thistransgene was removed from the plasmid using a NotI/XhoI doubledigestion and gel-purified on an agarose gel, without exposure to UVlight or ethidium bromide. Wild type and R225Q mutated forms of thetransgene were used for microinjection into mouse oocytes (CBA xC57B1/6J) at the Mouse Camp facility at Karolinska Institute inStockholm (world wide web at mousecamp.ki.se).

Example 4

Genotyping and mRNA expression analysis: The founders were tested fortransgene incorporation using a PCR test with a forward primer in Prkag3exon 12 (5′ GCT GCC CAG CAA ACC TAC AAC) (SEQ ID NO:10) and twoalternative reverse primers located in the mouse Prkag3 3′UTR (5′ AAGATG GCT TGG GTG TGA GGA C) (SEQ ID NO:11); not included in theconstruct, and SV40 3′UTR (5′ TGC TCC CAT TCA TCA GTT CCA TAG) (SEQ IDNO:12), respectively (FIG. 2). The expected PCR product sizes are shownin Table 1. TABLE 1 Expected PCR results using the forward primer inmouse Prkag3 exon 12 and reverse primers in the 3′UTR of mouse Prkag3and SV40, respectively. PCR product size (bp) Gene Genomic DNA cDNAEndogenic 617 287 PRKAG3 Transgenic 453 387 PRKAG3

Genomic DNA was prepared from mouse tails according to a standardprotocol and used in 10 μl reactions including 0.35 U AmpliTaq DNApolymerase (Perkin Elmer, Branchburg, N.J., USA), 1×PCR buffer, 1.5 mMMgCl₂, 0.2 MM of each dNTP, 2.5 pmol of each primer and 5% DMSO.Thermocycling was carried out using a PTC 200 instrument (MJ Research,Watertown, Mass., USA) and included 40 cycles with annealing at 58° C.for 30 s and extension at 72° C. for 1 min. The denaturation steps wereat 95° C. for 1-2 min in the first two cycles, and at 94° C. for 1 minin the remaining cycles. The same set of primers was used for RT-PCRamplification of the corresponding cDNA fragments from quadriceps mRNAsamples (FIG. 2, Table 1). Quadriceps mRNA was prepared using theQuickprep Micro mRNA Purification Kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,Little Chalfont Buckinghamshire, UK) and used for first cDNA strandsynthesis as described above. The resulting product was used for PCR ata 1:6 dilution with conditions in essence the same as for the PCR ontail genomic DNA described above. This simultaneous amplification oftransgenic and endogenous Prkag3 cDNA was used for estimation of therelative transgenic/endogenous Prkag3 mRNA expression.

Example 5

Glycogen measurements: The glycogen content was measured on quadricepssamples from 18 transgenic founder females at 10-11 weeks of age. Six ofthese founders were from the microinjection of the Prkag3 wild typeconstruct whereas the other 12 founders were from the microinjection ofthe R225Q construct.

Among the 18 female founders tested, both constructs showed a clearassociation between transgenic mRNA expression and elevated glycogenlevels in skeletal muscle. The most dramatic effects on glycogen levelswere observed among mice with the mutated construct (FIG. 3).

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

1. A transgenic non-human animal having integrated within its genome anucleic acid encoding an AMP-activated protein kinase K3 subunit or avariant thereof, wherein said nucleic acid is operably linked to aregulatory element.
 2. The transgenic non-human animal according toclaim 1, wherein said nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having at least 75% sequence identity to theamino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4, or to afragment of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4 at least 200 amino acids inlength.
 3. The transgenic non-human animal according to claim 2, whereinsaid nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequenceselected from the group consisting of: (a) the amino acid sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:2, (b) an R225Q variant of the amino acid sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO:2; (c) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQID NO:4; and (d) an R225Q variant of the amino acid sequence set forthin SEQ ID NO:4.
 4. The transgenic non-human animal according to claim 1,said nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from thegroup consisting of (a) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO:1; (b) a codon 225 variant of the nucleotide sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:1; (c) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, (d) acodon 225 variant of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3;(e) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5; and (f) anucleotide sequence corresponding to the mouse Prkag3 gene.
 5. Thetransgenic non-human animal according to claim 1, wherein saidregulatory element is a muscle specific regulatory element.
 6. Thetransgenic non-human animal according to claim 5, wherein said musclespecific regulatory element is selected from the group consisting of amyosin light chain promoter, a skeletal alpha actin promoter, a creatinekinase promoter, and an aldolase A promoter.
 7. The transgenic non-humananimal of claim 1, wherein said transgenic non-human animal is selectedfrom the group consisting of mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, and pigs.8. The transgenic non-human animal of claim 7, wherein said transgenicnon-human animal is a mouse.
 9. The transgenic non-human animal of claim7, wherein said transgenic non-human animal is a pig.
 10. The transgenicnon-human animal of claim 7, wherein said transgenic non-human animalhas an elevated glycogen content in skeletal muscle.
 11. A transgenicnon-human animal having a transgene integrated within its genome, saidtransgene having a nucleotide sequence which hybridize under stringenthybridization conditions with a nucleic acid having a nucleotidesequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 or aportion thereof, said sequence encoding an AMP activated protein kinaseK3 subunit or a variant thereof, wherein said transgene is operablylinked to a promoter that drives expression in skeletal muscle.
 12. Thetransgenic non-human animal of claim 11, wherein said transgenehybridizes under highly stringent hybridization conditions.
 13. Thetransgenic non-human animal of claim 12, wherein said transgenicnon-human animal is selected from the group consisting of mice, rats,rabbits, cats, dogs, and pigs.
 14. The transgenic non-human animal ofclaim 11, wherein said transgenic non-human animal has an elevatedglycogen content in skeletal muscle.
 15. An expression constructcomprising a regulatory element operably linked to a nucleotide sequenceencoding a polypeptide having at least 75% sequence identity to theamino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or to a portion thereof; wherethe regulatory element is capable of mediating expression in skeletalmuscle.
 16. The expression construct of claim 15, where said regulatoryelement is a muscle specific regulatory element.
 17. The expressionconstruct according to claim 16, where said regulatory element isselected from the group consisting of a myosin light chain promoter, amyosin heavy chain promoter, a skeletal alpha actin promoter, a creatinekinase promoter, and an aldolase A promoter.
 18. An expression constructcomprising a regulatory element operably linked to a nucleotide sequencehaving at least 75% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence shownin SEQ ID NO:1; where the regulatory element is capable of mediatingexpression in skeletal muscle.
 19. The expression construct of claim 18,where said regulatory element is a muscle specific regulatory element.20. The expression construct according to claim 19, where saidregulatory element is selected from the group consisting of a myosinlight chain promoter, a myosin heavy chain promoter, a skeletal alphaactin promoter, a creatine kinase promoter, and an aldolase A promoter.21. A method for making a transgenic non-human animal having integratedwithin its genome, a nucleic acid encoding an AMP activated proteinkinase K3 subunit or a variant thereof, wherein said nucleic acid islinked to a regulatory element that drives expression in skeletalmuscle, said method comprising introducing an expression constructaccording to claim 15 into an ovum, an embryo, or embryonic stem cellsof a non-human animal.
 22. The method according to claim 21, where theexpression construct is microinjected into said ovum or embryo of thenon-human animal or into embryonic stem cells of the non-human animal.23. The method according to claim 21, where the expression construct iselectroporated into said embryonic stem cells.
 24. A method ofidentifying a compound or composition effective for the treatment orprevention of a disease related to energy metabolism, said methodcomprising: (a) administering a test compound or test composition tosaid transgenic non-human animal of claim 1; and (b) evaluating theeffect of said test compound or test composition on the energymetabolism on said transgenic non-human animal; wherein said testcompound or test composition is identified as effective for thetreatment or prevention of said disease related to energy metabolism ifenergy metabolism is altered.
 25. A method of identifying a compound orcomposition effective for the treatment or prevention of diseasesrelated to energy metabolism, said method comprising: (a) contacting atest compound or test composition with an organ, a tissue, or cellsderived from said transgenic non-human animal of claim 1; and (b)evaluating the effect of said test compound or test composition on theenergy metabolism on said organ, tissue, or cells; wherein said testcompound or test composition is identified as effective for thetreatment or prevention of diseases related to energy metabolism ifenergy metabolism is altered.
 26. The method according to claim 25wherein the tissue is skeletal muscle.
 27. The method according to claim25 wherein the cells are muscle cells.
 28. A method for making atransgenic non-human animal having integrated within its genome, anucleic acid encoding an AMP activated protein kinase K3 subunit or avariant thereof, wherein said nucleic acid is linked to a regulatoryelement that drives expression in skeletal muscle, said methodcomprising introducing an expression construct according to claim 18into an ovum, an embryo, or embryonic stem cells of a non-human animal.29. The method according to claim 28, where the expression construct ismicroinjected into said ovum or embryo of the non-human animal or intoembryonic stem cells of the non-human animal.
 30. The method accordingto claim 28, where the expression construct is electroporated into saidembryonic stem cells.